Telephone Services
Common carrier Services & Hierarchies
- Telephone companies began by providing their subscribers with ANALOG services using ANALOG networks
- Later digital services were introduced
- Nowadays carriers are even thinking about changing their service lines digital too
- Soon the entire n/w will be digital
- For now both types of services are available and both FDM and TDM are in use
Analog Services
- Of the many analog services available to telephone subscribers, two are really important:
- Switched Analog Services
- Leased Analog Services
- Familiar dial up service most often encountered when using a home telephone
- Uses twisted pair cable to connect subscriber’s phone to the network via exchange
- This connection is called LOCAL LOOP
- The n/w it joins is called PSTN
- Signal on a local loop is Analog and BW is usually b/w 0 and 4000 Hz
Switched Analog Services
With switched lines, caller dials a number and call is conveyed to a series of switches at the exchange The switch connects two lines for the duration of the call
Analog Leased Service
Offers customers the opportunity to lease a line, sometimes called a Dedicated LineDedicated line is permanently connected to the other customer Although the connection still passes through switches in the exchange, the customer experiences it as a single line because switch is always closed No dialing is needed
Conditioned Lines
- Another service offered by the carriers
- Conditioning means improving the quality of a line by lessening attenuation, signal distortion or delay distortion
- Conditional lines are Analog but their quality makes them suitable for digital data communication when connected to Modems
Analog Hierarchy
- To maximize efficiency, telephone companies multiplex signal from lower BW lines onto higher BW lines
- In this way many switched or leased lines can be combined into fewer but bigger channels
- FDM is used for analog lines
Digital Services
- Digital services are largely offered nowadays
- Digital services are less sensitive than analog ones
- Telephone line acts as an antenna and pick up noise both in case of analog and digital TX
- In analog, both noise and signal are analog
- In digital, signal can easily be separated
Switched / 56 Service
It is digital version of Analog switched line Allows data rates of up to 56 Kbps Both parties must subscribe to the service A caller with normal telephone service cannot connect to a telephone or computer with this service even with a ModemBecause this service is already digital, subscribers do not need modems They need DSU (Digital service unit)
DSU changes the rate of digital data created by the subscriber’s device to 56 Kbps and encodes it in the format used by service provider
DSU is often included in dialing process DSU is more expensive than Modem So why would a subscriber pay for switched/56 service and DSU?Because digital line has better speed, better quality and less susceptibility
to noise Bandwidth on Demand
Digital Data Service (DDS)
Digital version of analog leased lineMax. data rate of 64 Kbps
Like switched/56, DDS requires a DSU
DSU for this service is cheaper than switched /56 DSU because it does not need a dial pad
Digital Signal (DS) Service
Telephone companies saw the need to develop a hierarchy of digital services much like those used for Analog services The next step was DS serviceDS is a hierarchy of digital signals
DS-0 resembles DDS. It is single digital channel of 64 Kbps
DS-1 is 1.544 Mbps service = 24 * 64 Kbps+8 Kbps of overhead
DS-2 􀃆6.312 Mbps=96*64 Kbps + 168Kbps
DS-3 􀃆44.376 Mbps=672*64Kbps +1.368 Mbps of overhead
DS-4 􀃆274.176Mbps4032 * 64 Kbps+ 16.128Mbps overhead
T Lines
- DS-0 DS1 are the names of the Services
- To implement those services, telephone companies use T-lines
- These are the lines with capacities matched to the data rates of DS-0 to DS-4
Summary
- The Telephone System
- Analog Services
- Digital Services
- Fiber To The Curb (FTTC)
Reading Sections
- Section 8.5 “Data Communications and Networking†4th Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan